A high quality, upstream RISC-V backend for LLVM is perhaps the most frequently requested missing piece of the RISC-V software ecosystem. This blog post provides an update on the rapid progress we’ve been making towards that goal, outlines next steps and upcoming events, and tries to better explain the approach that we’re taking. As always, you can track status here and find the code here.

Status

I’ve been able to make substantial progress since the last update.

RV32

100% of the GCC torture suite passes for RV32I at -O0, -O1, -O2, -O3, and -Os (after masking gcc-only tests). MC-layer (assembler) support for RV32IMAFD has now been implemented, as well as code generation for RV32IM.

RV64

This is the biggest change versus my last update. LLVM recently gained support for parameterising backends by register size, which allows code duplication to be massively reduced for architectures like RISC-V. As planned, I’ve gone ahead and implemented RV64I MC-layer and code generation support making use of this feature. I’m happy to report that 100% of the GCC torture suite passes for RV64I at O1, O2, O3 and Os (and there’s a single compilation failure at O0). I’m very grateful for Krzysztof Parzyszek’s (QUIC) work on variable-sized register classes, which has made it possible to parameterise the backend on XLEN in this way. That LLVM feature was actually motivated by requirements of the Hexagon architecture – I think this is a great example of how we can all benefit by contributing upstream to projects, even across different ISAs.

Other activities

  • Community members Luís Marques and David Craven have been experimenting with D and Rust support respectively.
  • Andes Technology have started working to contribute to this effort, and are putting together patches for compressed instruction set support. This is a really positive move and I hope others will follow their lead.

Development stats

  • The ‘reference’ patch queue consists of 48 patches, modifying 128 files and inserting over 11500 lines to the LLVM and Clang codebases. Close to 50% of these lines are new tests.
  • Other activities:
    • 8 committed patches to LLVM in areas other than lib/Target/RISCV (cleanups, support code, documentation improvements, bug fixes) with 5 more making their way through the review process.
    • 2 GCC/binutils bugs reported
    • RISC-V psABI doc: Authored 7 merged commits, 13 issues filed.

I’d like to thank everyone who has contributed code review, feedback, or suggestions so far, as well as our industrial sponsor.

Approach and philosophy

As enthusiastic supporters of RISC-V, I think we all want to see a huge range of RISC-V core implementations, making different trade-offs or targeting different classes of applications. But we don’t want to see that variety in the RISC-V ecosystem result in dozens of different vendor-specific compiler toolchains and a fractured software ecosystem. Unfortunately most work on LLVM for RISC-V has been invested in private/proprietary code bases or short-term prototypes. The work described in this post has been performed out in the open from the start, with a strong focus on code quality, testing, and on moving development upstream as quickly as possible – i.e. a solution for the long term.

My implementation approach has been to first work towards a cleanly designed and well tested RV32I baseline compiler. Once the fundamentals are solid, it is significantly easier to add in new features, optimisations, or indeed customisations for different RISC-V variants. This careful approach has enabled the rapid progress of the past few weeks. I would summarise this approach as:

  1. Ensuring (to the extent possible) that correct code is always generated for a simple RV32I baseline
  2. Expand that baseline to support more RISC-V ISA variants (RV{32,64}IMA and later FD)
  3. Push forwards on optimisations (generated code quality) and compiler feature support. Part of this work is moving to larger scale test programs and benchmarks in order to maintain confidence about the correctness of generated code.

This project is currently in the process of moving from point 2) to point 3) on the list above. As it stands, you will benefit from LLVM’s many middle-end optimisations, but the final code generation stage has seen little work focused on the performance of generated code. With a high quality base now in place, adding these optimisations can be done relatively easily.

If you want to see first-class support for RISC-V in LLVM, now is the time to get involved and help make it happen.

Roadmap and upcoming events

My aim is to have Clang and LLVM developed to serve as a competitive alternative to GCC on RISC-V by the end of the calendar year. If the RISC-V community works together, this is an achievable goal.

My near-term goals are:

  • Expand testing for RV64. There are rather few RV64 unit tests right now because parameterising the backend by XLEN mostly “just worked”.
  • Go through the implementation again (particularly recently added code) to look for further cleanup or refactoring opportunities, then propose to merge it upstream.
  • Once I’m happy with the implementation approach for the most recently added features, move the 5.0-based riscv-llvm-integration tree forwards.
  • Review patches from contributors such as Andes and help to support language port efforts.

Focus areas after that include:

  • Clang toolchain driver, MAFD codegen and ABI support
  • Benchmarking vs RISC-V GCC and generated code quality improvements
  • Documentation, expanded test cases, and improved compiler testing tooling

I’ve mapped out a number of TODO items here.

I’m pleased to report that my proposal for a RISC-V “birds of a feather” session at the upcoming LLVM Dev Meeting (Oct 18th) was accepted. You should definitely attend this event if you are an LLVM developer working on an out-of-tree RISC-V backends or are looking to get involved (representatives from several companies in that position are already confirmed as attending). We’re also looking to run a longer working/hacking session the day before, at a San Jose location. More details on both events will be circulated shortly.

FAQ

Do you care about performance of generated code and code size?

Like any compiler developer, of course. Starting with a solid and well tested base is the best way of achieving those aims. We’re now in a position where we can push forwards on these fronts, which will will soon become a primary focus of this development effort.

I have a RISC-V LLVM fork which works for me, why should I care about an upstream backend?

This is ultimately a question about long-term maintenance and sharing the support burden with others in the RISC-V ecosystem. By working together and pooling our development efforts, we can unlock the benefits of the open source approach. Contributing to this effort is almost definitely the right long-term choice for your project. If you want to discuss how to contribute, please drop me an email or come along to the upcoming birds of a feather session.

What is the difference between this and other RISC-V LLVM efforts?

This effort is focused on high code quality, long term maintainability, and in getting development merged in to upstream LLVM. Andes have recently released a private development tree to the public. That tree was was based on an early version of the lowRISC patchset, but diverged significantly in terms of implementation approach. Andes are now working to submit patches to this effort.

Who are you?

I (Alex Bradbury) am a co-founder and director of lowRISC CIC, where this development work has been taking place. I have been developing LLVM backends for the past seven years, and am now upstream code owner for the RISC-V backend. If you’re interested in LLVM, you are hopefully already familiar with my LLVM Weekly newsletter.

Why is lowRISC interested in LLVM?

lowRISC is a not-for-profit created to push forward open source hardware by developing a secure, open, and flexible SoC design. Enabling custom hardware and derivative designs is about much more than shipping RTL with an open source license – hardware is of little use without the software infrastructure in place to support it. A high quality and easy to modify LLVM backend is important for potential lowRISC adopters, but also benefits our own hardware development efforts. Specifically, we will be building the software component of our tagged memory mechanisms on top of LLVM. If our mission sounds interesting to you, there’s good news – we’re hiring.

Who do I contact to discuss further sponsoring this effort?

If your company would like to see lowRISC’s work on RISC-V LLVM be sustained or expanded through 2018, then contributing development time and/or sponsorship is the best way to do this. Please contact asb@lowrisc.org to discuss further.

Contact us

lowRISC is a not-for-profit company using collaborative engineering to develop and maintain open source silicon designs and tools, through a unique combination of skills, expertise and vision.

We provide a home for multi-partner projects that deliver verified, high quality IP and tools, which provide the solid foundations that are necessary for the rapid development cycles required for next generation silicon products. lowRISC employs an engineering team in Cambridge, UK, working on our own developments, partner projects, and work-for-hire that is aligned with our mission.

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